The study of the impact of tourism on the environment and communities concerned is relatively new. Impacts are not easily categorized, with direct and indirect components. Tourism is also often seasonal, and the impact only becomes apparent over time, with varying effects, and at different stages of development.
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There are three main categories:
1. Environmental impacts:
Impacts that affect the carrying capacity of the area, vegetation, air quality, water bodies, the water table, wildlife, and natural phenomena.
2. Sociocultural impacts:
Associated with interactions between people and cultural background, attitudes and behaviors, and their relationships with material goods. The introduction of tourists to sensitive areas can be detrimental, cause a loss of culture or alternative to the preservation of culture and cultural sites through increased resources.
3. Economic impacts:
Usually saw as positive, contributing to jobs, better services, and social stability. It can also improve in terms of cultural education that can not be considered. However, these impacts can also contribute to the high cost of living within the community, pushing local businesses out of the areas and increasing costs for local residents.
Positive social-cultural impacts
There are a number of benefits to the host community due to tourism. These include economic benefits such as opportunities for local businesses, which allow for greater trade among the increasing number of visitors and then develop a variety of local businesses. In addition, tourism also brings jobs, increases the economy of the region, and creates revenue for the local government. Tourists also use public services, which create funding for public services, such as health, the police, and the fire brigade, as well as the demand for public transport. Other public facilities, such as parks and banks, are also well preserved by the community for the tourists, providing the overall aesthetics of the host community. On a more social level, tourism leads to intercultural interaction. Tourists often engage and learn from the locals. Tourism can also increase pride in local people. They want to show their community what tourists have chosen to visit. The increase in people also leads to the creation of more social places and experiences where residents and tourists can interfere. Entertainment and leisure facilities will provide for more opportunities to socialize and engage with each other. Tourism can benefit the host community as it provides the financial means and incentive to share cultural history, local heritage sites and to preserve customs. It stimulates interest in local crafts, traditional activities, songs, dance, and oral history. It also opens the community to the wider world, new ideas, new experiences, and new ways of thinking.
Positive Economic impacts
Global tourism contributed 3.7 percent (the US $ 2.5 billion) to world GDP, with its total contribution to nearly 10 percent of world GDP. The GDP increase comes from the more than one billion international tourists worldwide, a number that has grown by 5 percent. Visits and boosts to GDP are expected to continue in the near future, as falling oil prices contribute to lower living costs and increased disposable income for households, as well as reduced costs for air travel.
Tourism can be divided into subcategories in which impact falls: spending visitors on tourism experiences such as beach holidays and theme parks (local and international), spending on leisure items such as bicycles, business expenses, and capital investments.
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The economic contribution of tourism is felt in both direct and indirect ways, where the direct economic impact is created when commodities like the following sell: accommodation and entertainment, food and beverage services, and retail opportunities. Residents, visitors, businesses, and various levels of government (municipal federal) all directly impact tourism impacts through their spending in or near a given tourism area. The key component of the direct economic impact of tourism is that it takes place within a country's borders and is implemented by the "residents and non-residents for business and leisure purposes".
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In contrast, the indirect economic impact of tourism can be found in investment spending regarding a tourism area that is in the private and government interest. This investment is not only committed to tourism but benefits the tourists and the local stakeholders alike. The indirect impact of tourism is illustrated by the purchase and sale of intermediary items such as extra supplies for restaurants during the high tourism season, or widening sidewalks in busy centers. The indirect economic impact (the chain, investment, and government collective) accounted for 50.7 percent of the total GDP contribution of travel and tourism in 2014.
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Induced spending, the re-circulation of a tourist dollar within a community, is another way that tourism indirectly has an impact on a community. For example, a foreign tourist injects money into the local economy when he has spent a dollar on a souvenir made by a local person at the tourist destination. The individual continues to spend money with a local provider, and that provider then spends it again in the local community.
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